Anifail asgwrn-cefn gydag adenydd , pig , plu , dwy goes a gwaed cynnes yw aderyn (lluosog adar ). Mae bron pob aderyn yn gallu hedfan, mae adar na allant hedfan yn cynnwys yr estrys , y ciwi a'r pengwiniaid . Ceir mwy na 10,400 o rywogaethau o adar.[1] Maen nhw'n byw mewn llawer o gynefinoedd gwahanol ledled y byd. Adareg (neu Adaryddiaeth) yw astudiaeth adar.
Mae strwythur adar wedi addasu ar gyfer hediad . Mae eu coesau blaen wedi newid i adenydd. Mae gan adar big ysgafn heb ddannedd ac mae codennau aer tu fewn i'w hesgyrn.
Mae adar yn dodwy wyau â phlisgyn caled. Mae'r rhan fwyaf o adar yn adeiladu nyth lle maen nhw'n deor eu hwyau. Mae rhai adar yn cael eu geni'n ddall a noeth. Mae adar eraill yn gallu gofalu amdanynt eu hunain bron ar unwaith.
Mae llawer o rywogaethau yn mudo er mwyn dianc rhag tywydd oer. Mae miliynau o adar sy'n nythu yn Hemisffer y Gogledd yn mudo i'r de. Mae rhai adar Hemisffer y De yn mudo i'r gogledd. Mae Morwennol y Gogledd yn hedfan ymhellach nag unrhyw aderyn arall o'r Arctig i'r Antarctig .
Esblygodd adar o ddeinosoriaid o'r urdd Therapoda , mae'n debyg. Archaeopteryx yw'r adar ffosilaidd henaf a fu fyw tua 150 miliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl.
Mae adar yn ffynhonnell bwysig o fwyd i bobl. Mae rhai adar fel yr iâr a'r twrci wedi eu ffermio ar gyfer eu cig neu wyau. Anifeiliaid anwes poblogaidd yw rhai adar e.e. y byji a'r caneri .
Mae llawer o adar wedi eu peryglu oherwydd hela a dinistr amgylcheddol. Mae elusennau fel Cymdeithas Audubon yn yr Unol Daleithiau a’r RSPB yn y DU yn ymgyrchu i amddiffyn adar.
Efallai'r cyntaf i gofnodi rhai o'r adar a welodd ar ei deithiau oedd Gerallt Gymro . Nid oedd ganddo ryw lawer o ddiddordeb ynddynt ond mae rhai o'r sylwadau'n ddigon diddorol, serch hynny, e.e.
"Clywir yn y coed cyfagos chwibaniad pereiddlais aderyn bach, y dywedodd rhai mai cnocell y coed ydoedd, ond eraill, yn fwy cywir, mai peneuryn. Cnocell y coed y gelwir yr aderyn bach, yr hwn a alwyd pic yn yr iaith Ffrangeg, a dylla'r dderwen â'i ylfin cryf ... A pheneuryn y gelwir aderyn bach hynod am ei liw euraid a melyn, a ddyry, yn ei dymor priodol, yn lle cân, chwibaniad melys; ac oddi wrth ei liw euraid y derbyniodd ei enw, peneuryn." [2]
Mae'n debygol iawn mai'r euryn (golden oriole ) oedd yr aderyn a glywodd Gerallt neu, fel y tybiai ei gyfeillion, cnocell werdd .
Un o gerddi mwya'r Gymraeg ydy cywydd i'r "Alarch" gan Dafydd ap Gwilym . Ceir hefyd nifer o hen benillion sy'n sôn am adar; dyma un, er enghraifft:
Gwyn eu byd yr adar gwylltion,
Hwy gânt fynd i'r fan a fynnon',
Weithiau i'r môr ac weithiau i'r mynydd,
A dod adref yn ddigerydd.
Yn y Mabinogi fe drowyd Blodeuwedd yn dylluan am gamfihafio.
Aves
Palaeognathae (paleognaths)
Neognathae
Galloanserae
Neoaves
Strisores
Columbaves
Gruiformes
Aequorlitornithes
Inopinaves
Opisthocomiformes
Telluraves
Afroaves
Accipitrimorphae
Strigiformes
Coraciimorphae
Coliidae
Eucavitaves
Leptosomatiformes
Cavitaves
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Australaves
Galloanserae
Neoaves
Gaviiformes : trochyddion
Podicipediformes : gwyachod
Procellariiformes : albatrosiaid , adar drycin a phedrynnod
Sphenisciformes : pengwiniaid
Pelecaniformes : pelicanod , mulfrain , huganod a.y.y.b.
Ciconiiformes : crehyrod , ciconiaid a.y.y.b.
Phoenicopteriformes : fflamingos
Falconiformes : adar ysglyfaethus
Gruiformes : rhegennod , garanod a.y.y.b.
Charadriiformes : rhydwyr , gwylanod , morwenoliaid a charfilod
Pteroclidiformes : ieir y diffeithwch
Columbiformes : colomennod , dodo
Psittaciformes : parotiaid
Cuculiformes : cogau , twracoaid
Strigiformes : tylluanod
Caprimulgiformes : troellwyr a.y.y.b.
Apodiformes : gwenoliaid duon , adar y si
Coraciiformes : gleision y dorlan , rholyddion , cornylfinod a.y.y.b.
Piciformes : cnocellod , twcaniaid a.y.y.b.
Trogoniformes : trogoniaid
Coliiformes : colïod
Passeriformes : adar golfanaidd neu adar clwydol
Yn ôl IOC World Bird List ceir 240 teulu (Mawrth 2017):
Rhestr Wicidata:
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.
Internet Archive: Adareg Canolfan Edward Llwyd, Prifysgol Cymru
RSPB Cymru
(Saesneg) Avionary Enwau adar WP mewn 41 o ieithoedd