Trydydd rhywedd

	Symbol trawsryweddol
Trawsrywedd
Hunaniaethau
	Androgynedd · Anneuaidd · Dau-Enaid · Dyn traws · Kathoey · Menyw draws · Trydydd rhywedd
Pynciau
	Cwestiynu · Trawsrywioldeb
Agweddau clinigol a meddygol
	Dysfforia rhywedd · Llawdriniaeth ailbennu rhyw · Therapi hormonau trawsryweddol
Agweddau cyfreithiol a chymdeithasol
	Cydnabyddiaeth gyfreithiol · Symbolau · Trawsffobia · Deddf Cydnabod Rhywedd 2004
Rhestrau
	Pobl
Categori
	Y blwch hwn: gweld • sgwrs • golygu

Cysyniad cymdeithasol a diwylliannol yw trydydd rhywedd neu drydedd ryw sy'n disgrifio unigolion nad yw'n cydymffurfio â hunaniaeth y gwryw nac ychwaith y fenyw, boed yn ôl eu safbwynt eu hunanin neu yn ôl safonau'r ddeuoliaeth rhywedd yn eu cymuned. Gall hefyd gyfeirio at gategori cymdeithasol arbennig mewn cymdeithasau sy'n cydnabod tri rhywedd neu ragor. Ystyr y gair "trydydd" yma yw "arall"; disgrifir gan anthropolegwyr a chymdeithasegwyr gymdeithasau sy'n cydnabod pedwar rhywedd,^[1] pum rhywedd,^[2] a "rhai rhyweddau".^[3]

Pennir rhyw'r unigolyn, un ai'n wryw, benyw, neu ryngrywiol, gan fioleg y cromosomau a'r anatomeg.^[4]^[5] Diffinnir rhywedd yr unigolyn gan ei hunaniaeth rhywedd bersonol a swyddogaethau rhywedd y gymdeithas. Nid oes swyddogaethau rhywedd caeth a phendant gan bob diwylliant a chymuned.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Nid yw ystyr rhyweddau ychwanegol yn unfath o gwbl mewn gwahanol ddiwylliannau. Yng nghymdeithas y Māhū yn Hawaii, rhyng-gyflwr yw'r "berson o rywedd amhendant" a leolir ar fath o sbectrwm rhwng y gwryw a'r fenyw.^[9] Cydnabyddir pedwar rhywedd gan y Diné neu'r Nafacho: menyw fenywaidd, menyw wrywaidd, dyn benywaidd, a dyn gwrywaidd.^[10] Defnyddia'r term "trydydd rhywedd" hefyd i ddisgrifio'r hijra yn Ne Asia,^[11] y fa'afafine yn Ynysoedd Samoa, a'r virgjnesha (gwyryfod dan lw) yn Albania.^[12]

Nid yw'r cysyniad o ryweddau ychwanegol i'r ddeuoliaeth rhywedd yn gyffredin i'r mwyafrif o wledydd Ewrop, ac felly mae'r syniad yn anghyfarwydd o hyd i ddiwylliant ac efrydiaeth y Gorllewin.^[13] Cofleidia'r cysyniad yn fwy gan y gymuned LHDT, a diwylliannau lleiafrifol megis pobloedd brodorol Gogledd America a chanddynt draddodiad y Dau-Enaid.^[10]^[14] Ceisia nifer o academyddion y Gorllewin i ddeall rhyweddau ychwanegol yn nhermau cyfeiriadedd rhywiol, ond ystyrir hyn yn gamgynrychioliad yn ôl ysgolheigion ac awduron brodorol.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Cyfeiriadau

↑ Roscoe, Will (2000). Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America. Palgrave Macmillan (June 17, 2000) ISBN 0-312-22479-6
See also: Trumbach, Randolph (1994). London’s Sapphists: From Three Sexes to Four Genders in the Making of Modern Culture. In Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, edited by Gilbert Herdt, 111-36. New York: Zone (MIT). ISBN 978-0-942299-82-3
↑ Graham, Sharyn (2001), Sulawesi's fifth gender Archifwyd 2014-11-26 yn y Peiriant Wayback, Inside Indonesia, April–June 2001.
↑ Martin, M. Kay; Voorhies, Barbara (1975). "4. Supernumerary Sexes". Female of the Species. New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231038751. OCLC 1094960.
↑ Money, John; Ehrhardt, Anke A. (1972). Man & Woman Boy & Girl. Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1405-7.
↑ Domurat Dreger, Alice (2001). Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. USA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00189-3.
↑ LeBow, Diana, Rethinking Matriliny Among the Hopi, p.8.
↑ Schlegel, Alice, Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority, in Quarterly Journal of Ideology: "A Critique of the Conventional Wisdom", vol. VIII, no. 4, 1984, pp.44–52
↑ 100 Native Americans Who Shaped American History, Juettner, 2007.
↑ Llosa, Mario Vargas. "The men-women of the Pacific". tate.org.uk. Tate Britain. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2015-03-06. Cyrchwyd 2017-05-18. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Estrada, Gabriel S (2011). "Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze" (PDF). American Indian Culture and Research Journal 35 (4): 167–190. doi:10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30. http://nativeout.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Two-Spirits-Nadleeh-and-Navajo-LGBTQ2-Gaze.pdf. Adalwyd 2017-05-18.
↑ "Celebration of the third gender". The Daily Star (yn Saesneg). 2015-09-01. Cyrchwyd 2017-05-16.
↑ Young, Antonia (2000). Women Who Become Men: Albanian Sworn Virgins. ISBN 1-85973-335-2
↑ McGee, R. Jon and Richard L. Warms 2011 Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History. New York, McGraw Hill.
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 "A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out". The New York Times. 8 Oct 2006. Cyrchwyd 28 July 2016. "'The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,' [Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit."
↑ "Asia and the Pacific - ANU". Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2012-02-24. Cyrchwyd 27 December 2014.
↑ ANCESTORS OF TWO-SPIRITS: REPRESENTATIONS OF NATIVE AMERICAN THIRD-GENDER MALES

[1] Roscoe, Will (2000). Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America. Palgrave Macmillan (June 17, 2000) ISBN 0-312-22479-6
See also: Trumbach, Randolph (1994). London’s Sapphists: From Three Sexes to Four Genders in the Making of Modern Culture. In Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History, edited by Gilbert Herdt, 111-36. New York: Zone (MIT). ISBN 978-0-942299-82-3

[Graham-2] Graham, Sharyn (2001), Sulawesi's fifth gender Archifwyd 2014-11-26 yn y Peiriant Wayback, Inside Indonesia, April–June 2001.

[Martin-3] Martin, M. Kay; Voorhies, Barbara (1975). "4. Supernumerary Sexes". Female of the Species. New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231038751. OCLC 1094960.

[Money-4] Money, John; Ehrhardt, Anke A. (1972). Man & Woman Boy & Girl. Differentiation and dimorphism of gender identity from conception to maturity. USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-1405-7.

[Dreger-5] Domurat Dreger, Alice (2001). Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. USA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00189-3.

[LeBow-6] LeBow, Diana, Rethinking Matriliny Among the Hopi, p.8.

[Schlegel-7] Schlegel, Alice, Hopi Gender Ideology of Female Superiority, in Quarterly Journal of Ideology: "A Critique of the Conventional Wisdom", vol. VIII, no. 4, 1984, pp.44–52

[Juettner-8] 100 Native Americans Who Shaped American History, Juettner, 2007.

[vargas2015-9] Llosa, Mario Vargas. "The men-women of the Pacific". tate.org.uk. Tate Britain. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2015-03-06. Cyrchwyd 2017-05-18. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)

[Estrada-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Estrada, Gabriel S (2011). "Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze" (PDF). American Indian Culture and Research Journal 35 (4): 167–190. doi:10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30. http://nativeout.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Two-Spirits-Nadleeh-and-Navajo-LGBTQ2-Gaze.pdf. Adalwyd 2017-05-18.

[11] "Celebration of the third gender". The Daily Star (yn Saesneg). 2015-09-01. Cyrchwyd 2017-05-16.

[Young-12] Young, Antonia (2000). Women Who Become Men: Albanian Sworn Virgins. ISBN 1-85973-335-2

[13] McGee, R. Jon and Richard L. Warms 2011 Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History. New York, McGraw Hill.

[NYT2-14] 14.0 ^14.1 "A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out". The New York Times. 8 Oct 2006. Cyrchwyd 28 July 2016. "'The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,' [Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit."

[15] "Asia and the Pacific - ANU". Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 2012-02-24. Cyrchwyd 27 December 2014.

[16] ANCESTORS OF TWO-SPIRITS: REPRESENTATIONS OF NATIVE AMERICAN THIRD-GENDER MALES

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]