Gweld cod am System rhifolion Hindŵ-Arabaidd

[[Delwedd:13-08-06-abu-dhabi-by-RalfR-102.jpg|bawd|Arwydd yn [[Abu Dhabi]]'n dangos rhifolion Arabeg Ddwyreiniol (top) ac Arabeg Gorllewinol (gwaelod).]]
System o rifolion [[degol]] positif yw '''system rhifo Arabaidd''' neu '''system rif Hindŵ-Arabaidd''';<ref name="booksmith">[[David Eugene Smith]] and [[Louis Charles Karpinski]], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22599 ''The Hindu–Arabic Numerals''], 1911</ref> hi yw'r system fwyaf cyffredin drwy'r byd, ar gyfer cynrychioli rhifau drwy symbolau e.e "7".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uIgxAQAAIAAJ&q=%22empire+was+expanding+and+contact+was+made+with+India%22&dq=%22empire+was+expanding+and+contact+was+made+with+India%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi22ZabybvQAhWjLMAKHa9nAREQ6AEIGzAA|title=Collier's Encyclopedia, with bibliography and index|author=William Darrach Halsey, Emanuel Friedman|year=1983|quote=When the Arabian empire was expanding and contact was made with India, the Hindu numeral system and the early algorithms were adopted by the Arabs}}</ref> Defnyddid y gair Hindŵ gan yr Arabiaid (neu'r Persiaid) yr adeg honno am bobl o India. Cyrhaeddodd y system hon drwch poblogaeth gwledydd Prydain yn y [[15g]], ac ymhlith y rhai a geisiodd ei hamlygu roedd y Cymro o Sir Benfro [[Robert Recorde]], yn ei lyfr ''The ground of artes'', 1543. Cyn hynny, defnyddid y dull Rhufeinig.
[[Delwedd:1543 Robert Recorde.PNG|bawd|chwith|Ysgythriad o 'Fwrdd Cyfrifo Arabaidd' allan o lyfr y Cymro [[Robert Recorde]] (''The ground of artes''), 1543.]]

Fe'i dyfeisiwyd gan [[mathemateg|fathemategwyr]] [[India]]idd rhwng [[1g]] a'r [[4g]] a mabwysiadwyd y system gan fathemategwyr Arabaidd erbyn y [[9g]]. Ystyrir llyfrau [[Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī]] yn aruthrol bwysig (''Cyfrifo gyda Rhifau Hindŵ, c.825) ac Al-Kindi (''Ar y Defnydd o Rifau Hindŵaidd'', c.830). Ymledodd y system, yn ddiweddarach, i Ewrop [[Oesoedd Canol|ganoloesol]].<ref name="Brezina2006">{{citation|last=Brezina|first=Corona|title=Al-Khwarizmi: The Inventor of Algebra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Sfrxde0CXIC&pg=PA39|year=2006|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4042-0513-0|pages=39–40}}: "Historians have speculated on al-Khwarizmi's native language. Since he was born in a former Persian province, he Mai have spoken the Persian language. It is also possible that he spoke Khwarezmian, a language of the region that is now extinct."</ref>

Mae'r system wedi'i seilio ar ddeg [[glyff]] (neu symbol) gwahanol - naw yn wreiddiol. Mae'r glyffs a ddefnyddir i gynrychioli'r system, mewn egwyddor, yn annibynnol ar y system ei hun. Mae'r glyffiau a ddefnyddir heddiw yn ddisgynyddion rhifolion Brahmi ac maent wedi rhannu'n amrywiol amrywiadau teipograffyddol ers yr [[Oesoedd Canol]]; heddiw, ceir 3 prif grwp. Caiff ei ystyried yn system o [[Nodiant mathemategol|nodiant]] sy'n dibynnu ar leoliad y glyff.

==Lleoliad y nodiant==
Drwy ddefnyddio'r pwynt degol, llinell lorweddol (i nodi negydd) a marc i nodi fod y rhif yn parhau 'ad infinitum'' (yr 'arlinell', neu'r ''vinculum''), gellir mynegi unrhyw rif gyda dim ond 13 symbol. Felly'r 13 yw: y deg [[digid]], y pwynt degol, yr arlinell  a dash i nodi rhi  negatif.

===Cymharu glyffiau===

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center;
|- style=""
| # || # || # || # || # || # || # || # || # || # || Gwyddor || Gweler
|-
| 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || [[Yr wyddor Ladin]] || 
|-
|〇/零 || 一 || 二 ||  三 ||  四  || 五 ||  六  || 七 ||  八 || 九 || [[Dwyrain Asia]] || [[Rhifolion Tsieiniaidd]], [[Rhifolion Japaniaidd]], [[Rhifolion Coreaidd]]
|-
| ο/ō || Αʹ || Βʹ || Γʹ|| Δʹ || Εʹ || Ϛʹ || Ζʹ || Ηʹ || Θʹ || [[Iaith Roeg|Groeg Fodern]] || [[Rhifolion Groegaidd]]
|-
| || א || ב || ג|| ד || ה || ו || ז || ח || ט || [[Hebraeg]] || Rhifolion Hebraeg
|-
| ० || १ || २ || ३ || ४ || ५ || ६ || ७ || ८ || ९ || [[Devanagari]] || [[Rhifolion Indiaidd]]
|-
| ૦ ||	૧ ||	૨ ||	૩ ||	૪ ||	૫ ||	૬ ||	૭ ||	૮ ||	૯ || [[Gujarati]] ||
|-
| ੦ || ੧ || ੨ || ੩ || ੪ || ੫ || ੬ || ੭ || ੮ || ੯ || [[Gurmukhī]] ||
|-
| <big>༠ || ༡ || ༢ || ༣ || ༤ || ༥ || ༦ || ༧ || ༨ || ༩</big> || [[Tibet]]eg ||
|-
|০  || ১ || ২ || ৩ || ৪ || ৫ || ৬ || ৭ || ৮ || ৯ || [[Asameg]] / [[Bengali]] / [[Sylheteg]] || Rhifolion Bengali-Asam
|-
| ೦ || ೧ || ೨ || ೩ || ೪ || ೫ || ೬ || ೭ || ೮ || ೯ || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
|୦ || ୧ || ୨ || ୩ || ୪ || ୫ || ୬ || ୭ || ୮ || ୯ || Odia ||
|-
| ൦ || ൧ || ൨ || ൩ || ൪ || ൫ || ൬ || ൭ || ൮ || ൯ || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
|{{lang|ta|௦}}|| {{lang|ta|௧}} ||{{lang|ta|௨}}||{{lang|ta|௩}}||{{lang|ta|௪}} ||{{lang|ta|௫}} ||{{lang|ta|௬}}|| {{lang|ta|௭}}|| {{lang|ta|௮}}|| {{lang|ta|௯}} || [[Tamileg]] || Rhifolion Tamil 
|-
| ౦ || ౧ || ౨ || ౩ || ౪ || ౫ || ౬ || ౭ || ౮ || ౯ || [[Telugu]] ||
|-
| ០ || ១ || ២ || ៣ || ៤ || ៥ || ៦ || ៧ || ៨ || ៩ || [[Chmereg]] ||  Rhifolion Chmer
|-
| ๐ || ๑|| ๒ || ๓ || ๔ || ๕ || ๖ || ๗ || ๘ || ๙|| [[Thaieg]] || Rhifolion Thai 
|-
| ໐ || ໑ || ໒ || ໓ || ໔ || ໕ || ໖ || ໗ || ໘ || ໙ || [[Lao (iaith)|Lao]] ||
|-
| ၀|| ၁ || ၂ || ၃ || ၄ || ၅ || ၆ || ၇ || ၈ || ၉ || [[Byrmaneg]] ||
|-
| {{lang|ar|&#x660;}} || {{lang|ar|&#x661;}} || {{lang|ar|&#x662;}} || {{lang|ar|&#x663;}} || {{lang|ar|&#x664;}} || {{lang|ar|&#x665;}} || {{lang|ar|&#x666;}} || {{lang|ar|&#x667;}} || {{lang|ar|&#x668;}} || {{lang|ar|&#x669;}} || [[Arabeg]] || Rhifolion Arabeg Ddwyreiniol
|- 
| {{lang|fa|&#x6f0;}} || {{lang|fa|&#x6f1;}} || {{lang|fa|&#x6f2;}} || {{lang|fa|&#x6f3;}} || {{lang|fa|&#x6f4;}} || {{lang|fa|&#x6f5;}} || {{lang|fa|&#x6f6;}} || {{lang|fa|&#x6f7;}} || {{lang|fa|&#x6f8;}} || {{lang|fa|&#x6f9;}} || [[Perseg|Perseg (Farsi)]] / [[Dari]] / [[Pashto]] ||
|- 
| {{Urdu numeral|0|23}} || {{Urdu numeral|1|23}} || {{Urdu numeral|2|23}} || {{Urdu numeral|3|23}}  || {{Urdu numeral|4|23}} || {{Urdu numeral|5|23}} || {{Urdu numeral|6|23}} || {{Urdu numeral|7|23}} || {{Urdu numeral|8|23}} || {{Urdu numeral|9|23}} || [[Wrdw]] / [[Shahmukhi]] ||
|}

==Cyfeiriadau==
{{cyfeiriadau}}

[[Categori:Gwyddoniaeth a thechnoleg yn India]]
[[Categori:Mathemateg elfennol]]
[[Categori:Rhifau]]
[[Categori:Systemau rhifol]]