Gweld cod am Padmasana (Safle Lotws)

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[[Asana]], neu osgo'r corff, o fewn [[ioga]] yw '''asana'r''' '''lotws''' neu '''Padmasana''' ({{lang-sa|पद्मासन|translit=padmāsana}}; Rhufeiniad: Padmasana).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Budilovsky|first=Joan|last2=Adamson|first2=Eve|title=The complete idiot's guide to yoga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5pE8-Oyly0C|edition=2|year=2000|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-02-863970-3|page=204}}</ref> Mae'n[[Asanas ymlaciol|asana myfyriol]] ac yn [[Asanas eistedd|asana eistedd]] o [[Hanes India|India hynafol]], lle mae'r ddwy droed yn cael eu gosod ar y glun gyferbyn. Ystyrir yr [[asana]] yma'n un hynafol mewn [[ioga]], a'i bod yn rhagflaenu [[Ioga Hatha|ioga hatha]], ac fe'i defnyddir yn eang ar gyfer [[myfyrdod]] mewn traddodiadau [[Hindŵaeth|Hindŵaidd]], [[Tantra]], [[Jainiaeth|Jain]] a [[Bwdhaeth|Bwdhaidd.]]

Ymhlith yr amrywiadau mae [[hanner lotws]], a'r lotws clwm. Ceir amrywiadau cymhlethach o sawl asanas arall gan gynnwys ioga pensefyll, gyda'r coesau mewn lotws neu hanner lotws. Gall yr ystum fod yn anghyfforddus i bobl nad ydyn nhw wedi arfer eistedd ar y llawr, a gall ymdrechion i orfodi'r coesau fynd i'w lle anafu'r pengliniau.<ref name="AcottCramer2013">{{Cite journal|last=Acott|volume=8|pmc=3797727|pmid=24146758|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075515|issn=1932-6203|pages=e75515|year=2013|issue=10|journal=PLOS ONE|first=Ted S.|title=Adverse Events Associated with Yoga: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports and Case Series|first4=Gustav|last4=Dobos|first3=Carol|last3=Krucoff|first2=Holger|last2=Cramer|bibcode=2013PLoSO...875515C}}</ref>

== Geirdarddiad ==
[[Delwedd:Sacred_lotus_Nelumbo_nucifera.jpg|bawd|Mae blodyn y lotws cysegredig, ''Nelumbo nucifera'', yn tyfu allan o fwd, ac felly'n symbol o oleuedigaeth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baillie|first=Allan|last2=Ostro|first2=Suzanne|title=The Lotus|journal=Tricycle, the Buddhist Review|date=1999|volume=8|issue=3, Spring 1999|url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/the-lotus/|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>]]
Daw'r enw Padmasana o'r [[Sansgrit]] पद्म ''Padma'', "lotus" ac आसन, Āsana, "osgo" neu "siap y corff".{{Sfn|Iyengar|1991}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zimmer, Heinrich Robert|author-link=Heinrich Zimmer|title=Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IYVBgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-6684-7|pages=100, 220}}</ref> Mewn diwylliannau [[Asia]]idd,<ref name="DTD">{{Cite journal|last=Devendra|first=D. T.|title=Lotus without Symbolism|journal=The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland|date=1969|volume=13|pages=83–92|jstor=43483467}}</ref> ystyrir y lotws cysegredig yn symbol o dyfiant tuag at berffeithrwydd a goleuedigaeth gan ei fod wedi'i wreiddio yn y mwd ar waelod y pwll, ond yn codi ac yn blodeuo'n hardd uwchben y dŵr.{{Sfn|Temple|2007|p=Chapter 1, The Symbolism of the Lotus Flower}} Mewn [[Bwdhaeth]] Tsieineaidd a Thibetaidd, gelwir yr asana hefyd yn "'''vajra'''" ([[Sansgrit]]: ''vajrāsana'', Ch. 金剛座''jīngāngzu'').<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hua|first=Hsuan|title=The Chan handbook: talks about meditation|url=http://www.longbeachmonastery.org/the_chan_handbook.pdf|year=2004|publisher=Buddhist Text Translation Society|isbn=0-88139-951-5|page=36|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rinpoche, Patrul|title=Words of My Perfect Teacher: A Complete Translation of a Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism|edition=Revised|last2=Padmakara Translation Group (trans.)|publisher=AltaMira Press|year=1998|page=440}}</ref>
[[Delwedd:Padmasana_-_Yoga_Class_-_Chamrail_-_Howrah_2013-08-24_2027.JPG|bawd|chwith|Safle neu asana lotws]]

Mae'r asana yma'n hynafol ac yn cael ei ddisgrifio, ynghyd ag [[asana]]s eraill, yn y llyfr o'r [[8fed ganrif|8g]] ''[[Patanjalayogashastravivarana]]''.{{Sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017}} Ceir yr union safle hwn ar ddarnau arian dinar Chandragupta II, a deyrnasodd c. 380–c. 415 OC.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Los Angeles County Museum of Art|last2=Pal|first2=Pratapaditya|title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700|url=https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa|year=1986|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05991-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa/page/110 110]|quote=Reverse: Goddess, nimbate, sitting en face on lotus with legs folded in lotus position. Diadem or noose in right hand, lotus flower turned towards her in left. .. Legend: ''Śrī-vikramaḥ'' (the courageous one).}}</ref> Mae'r [[Tantra|testun tantrig]] cyntaf i drafod osgo (asana), y [[6ed ganrif|6ed]]-[[10g]] ''Nisvasattvasamhita Nayasutra'' (4.11-17, 4.104-106), yn cyfarwyddo'r myfyriwr a phob "defnyddiwr mantras" i eistedd mewn yn y safle lotws neu osgo tebyg.{{Sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=99-100}} Mae ''[[Ioga Hatha Pradipika]]'' o'r [[15g]] yn nodi bod yr osgo yma'n dinistrio pob [[afiechyd]], a bod iogi yn yr ystum sy'n cadw'r aer sy'n cael ei anadlu i mewn trwy'r sianeli nadi yn sicrhau rhyddhad.{{Sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017}}

== Amrywiadau ==
Mewn hanner lotws, अर्ध पद्मासन ([[Ardha Padmasana]]), mae un goes yn plygu ac yn gorffwys ar y ddaear, tra bo'r goes arall yn cael ei phlygu gyda'r droed mewn safle lotws. Mae'n [[Asanas ymlaciol|asana fyfyriol]] haws na lotws llawn.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Swami Satyananda Saraswati|author-link=Swami Satyananda Saraswati|title=Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha|url=http://www.znakovi-vremena.net/en/Swami-Satyananda-Saraswati---Asana-Pranayama-Mudra-Bandha.pdf|publisher=Yoga Publications Trust|location=Munger, Bihar, India|year=1996|page=97|isbn=978-81-86336-14-4|access-date=11 Tachwedd 2018}}</ref>

Mewn lotws clwm, बद्ध पद्मासन ([[Baddha Padmasana]]), mae'r ymarferydd yn eistedd mewn lotws llawn, ac mae pob llaw yn ymestyn o amgylch y cefn i ddal y droed gyferbyn.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sjoman|first=Norman E.|author-link=Norman Sjoman|url=https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN8170173892|title=The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1999|edition=2nd|orig-year=1996|isbn=81-7017-389-2|page=Plate 6}}</ref>

Yn यओगमुद्रासन ([[Yogamudrasana]]), mae'r iogi'n plygu ymlaen mewn lotws llawn, gan ddod â'r talcen mor agos at y llawr â phosib.{{Sfn|Saraswati|2004}} Mae'r osgo yma'n ddau beth: yn asana ac yn fwdra; mae amrywiadau haws yn dechrau o [[Ardha Padmasana]] neu [[Sukhasana]].<ref name="Vishnudevananda 1988">{{Cite book|last=Vishnudevananda|author-link=Vishnudevananda|title=[[The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga]]|publisher=Crown Trade Paperbacks|location=New York|year=1988|isbn=978-0-517-88431-7|oclc=32442598|pages=plates 128–129}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="190">
Delwedd:Bharadwaja (detail).jpg|Y doethor [[Bharadvaja]] yn myfyrio mewn hanner lotws. Llun o 19g
Delwedd:Flickr - Nicholas T - Taut.jpg|Baddha Padmasana
Delwedd:A scene of Yoga mudra.JPG|Iogamudrasana
Delwedd:Padma-shirshasana (cropped).jpg|[[Padma Sirsasana]], pensefyll lotws
</gallery>

== Mewn celf a diwylliant ==

=== Celf Asiaidd ===
Mewn [[Bwdhaeth]], ceir cerfluniau o'r sylfaenydd, [[Siddhartha Gotama|Gautama Buddha]], lle caiff ei ddarlunio'n eistedd mewn safle Lotws ac wedi'i orseddu ar flodyn lotws.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buddhas Crossed Legged Position - Lotus Position|url=https://www.burmese-art.com/blog/buddha-crossed-legged-position|publisher=Asian Art|access-date=11 April 2020|quote=One of the most popular seated positions of Lord Buddha is crossed legged position. In various Buddhism traditions like Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism, Lord Buddha is often shown with his ankles tucked and different hand and fingers position. The seated Crossed legged position is known as Lotus position.}}</ref><ref name="MMA buddha">{{Cite web|title=Lotus-Enthroned Buddha Akshobhya, the Transcendent Buddha,8th–early 9th century|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38940|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|access-date=2 Awst 2019}}</ref><ref name="BM">{{Cite web|title=Representation of: Buddha (Śākyamuni/Gotama/Shaka)|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=261567&partId=1&searchText=sakyamuni&place=42791&from=ad&fromDate=1400&to=ad&toDate=1450&matcult=15718&page=1|publisher=[[British Museum]]|access-date=2 Awst 2019}}</ref> Mewn [[Hindŵaeth]], mae delwau'n aml yn darlunio duwiau, yn enwedig [[Shiva]], yn myfyrio mewn safle Padmasana.<ref name="MMA gods">{{Cite web|last=Dehejia|first=Vidya|title=Recognizing the Gods|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gods/hd_gods.htm|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|date=February 2007}}</ref> Yn [[Jainiaeth]], gwelir y Tirthankaras yn eistedd mewn safle Lotws hefyd.<ref name="Wiley2004">{{Cite book|last=Wiley|first=Kristi L.|title=Historical Dictionary of Jainism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCT-CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA98|year=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6558-7|page=98|quote=Tirthankaras are depicted in only two postures: seated in the classic lotus position (padmasana), which represents the Tirthankara preaching in the assembly hall (samavasarana), and standing in the kayotsarga posture, which represents abandoning the body.}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
Delwedd:Monkey gives honey to Buddha Shakyamuni, India, Bihar, probably Kurkihar, Pala dynasty, c. 1000 AD, black stone - Östasiatiska museet, Stockholm - DSC09270.JPG|[[Gautama Buddha|Gautama Bwdha]]
Delwedd:Sivakempfort.jpg|[[Shiva]]
Delwedd:Mahavir.jpg|[[Mahavira]]
</gallery>

== Gweler hefyd ==

* [[Kukkutasana|Kukkutasana, ystum y]] ceiliog, asana sy'n cydbwyso gyda'r dwylo wedi'u edafeddu trwy goesau plygu Padmasana
* [[Rhestr o safleoedd ioga|Rhestr o asanas]]
* [[Maravijaya]]
* [[Zazen]]

== Llyfryddiaeth ==
{{Refbegin|30em}} 
* {{cite book |last=Iyengar |first=B. K. S. |author-link=B. K. S. Iyengar |title=[[Light on Yoga]] |date=1991 |orig-year=1966 |publisher=Unwin Paperbacks |isbn=978-1855381667 }}
* {{cite book | last=Jain | first=Andrea |author-link=Andrea Jain | title=[[Selling Yoga]] : from Counterculture to Pop culture | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-19-939024-3 | oclc=878953765 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Mallinson | first1=James |author1-link=James Mallinson (author) |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Singleton (yoga researcher) | title=[[Roots of Yoga]] | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-241-25304-5 | oclc=928480104 }}
* {{cite book |last=Newcombe |first=Suzanne |author-link=Suzanne Newcombe |year=2019 |title=Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis |location=Bristol, England |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=978-1-78179-661-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Saraswati |first=Satyananda |author-link=Satyananda Saraswati |title=A Systematic Course in the Ancient Tantric Techniques of Yoga and Kriya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWOrAAAACAAJ |date=January 2004 |publisher=Nesma Books India |isbn=978-81-85787-08-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Temple |first=Anton |title=Becoming the lotus: a systematic course of stretching and posture leading to the safe and comfortable adoption of the lotus posture, including a guide to the symbolism and spiritual meaning behind the lotus flower |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZRuPgAACAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Merkur |isbn=978-1-885928-18-4 }}
{{Refend}}

== Cyfeiriadau ==
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== Dolenni allanol ==

* [https://upashanayoga.com/steps-and-benefits-of-padmasana-yoga/ Manteision Padmasana]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721184541/http://www.ashtangayoga.info/practice/asana-vinyasa-series/the-finishing-sequence/item/padmasana/ Padmāsana (पद्मासन) gydag esboniad manwl]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151118034717/http://dharma.hostoi.com/index.php?p=1_12 Sut i eistedd yn Ardha Padmasana]

{{Rheoli awdurdod}}

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