Cabala
Dull esoterig, disgyblaeth, ac ysgol o feddwl mewn cyfriniaeth Iddewig[1] yw Cabala (/kəˈbɑːlə, ˈkæbələ/ kə-BAH-lə-,_-kab-Ə-lə; Hebrew: קַבָּלָה, romanized: Qabbālā, lit. 'derbyn, traddodiad', a hefyd Kabbalah neu Qabalah).[2][a] Mae'n sylfaen i ddehongliadau crefyddol cyfriniol yn Iddewiaeth.[1][3] Enw ar Cabalydd traddodiadol yw Mekubbal (מְקֻובָּל, Məqubbāl, 'derbyniwr').[1]
Datblygodd Cabalyddion Iddewig ffyrdd o drosglwyddo prif destunau Cabala a oedd yn ymwneud â'r traddodiad Iddewig[1][3] ac sydd fel arfer yn defnyddio ysgrythurau Iddewig clasurol er mwyn egluro a dangos ei dysgeidiaethau cyfriniol. Yn ôl Cabalyddion, mae'r dysgeidiaethau hyn yn diffinio ystyr craidd y Beibl Hebraeg a llenyddiaeth Rabineg draddodiadol ill dau a'u gwybodaeth gyfrinachol, ynghyd ag esbonio pwysigrwydd arferion crefyddol Iddewon.[4]
Yn hanesyddol, daeth Cabala o ffurfiau cynnar o gyfriniaeth Iddewig, yn al-Andalus (Sbaen) o'r 12fed i'r 13eg ganrif ac ym Mhrofens Hakhmei.[1][3] Ymhellach, cafodd ei hailddehongli yn ystod y dadeni cyfriniol Iddewig ym Mhalestina Otomanaidd yr 16eg ganrif.[1] Ysgrifennwyd y Zohar, un o brif destunau Cabala, ddiwedd y 13eg ganrif, yn ôl pob tebyg gan Moses de León. Ystyrir Isaac Luria (16eg ganrif) yn dad Cabala cyfoes; poblogeiddiwyd Cabala Lurianaidd ar ffurf Iddewiaeth Hasidig o'r 18fed ganrif ymlaen.[1] Yn ystod yr 20fed ganrif, mae diddordeb academaidd mewn testunau Cabalistig dan arweiniad yr hanesydd Iddewig Gershom Scholem yn bennaf wedi ysbrydoli datblygiad ymchwil hanesyddol ar Gabala ym maes astudiaethau Iddewig.[5][6]
Er bod gweithiau bach yn cyfrannu at ddealltwriaeth o'r Cabala fel traddodiad sy'n esblygu, y Bahir, Zohar, Pardes Rimonim, a'r Etz Chayim ('Ein Sof') yw'r prif destunau.[7] Cydnabyddir llenyddiaeth Hechalotaidd yn sylfaen o bwys mawr i'r Cabala [8] ac yn fwy penodol, cydnabyddir y Sefer Yetzirah yn darddiad ffurfiol i lawer o'r llyfrau hyn. Dogfen fer sy'n cynnwys ambell dudalen yw'r Sefer Yetzirah, a gafodd ei hysgrifennu ganrifoedd cyn gwaith uchel a chanol yr oesoedd canol (rhywbryd rhwng 200-600CE), gan gyflwyno fersiwn alffaniwmerig ar gosmoleg. Gellir deall hyn yn fath o ragarweiniad ar ganon Gabala.[7]
Gweler hefyd
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- Rhestr o Gabalyddion Iddewig
- Aggadah
- Ayin and Yesh
- English Qaballa
- Gnosticism
- Ka-Bala
- Notarikon
- Temurah
Nodiadau
[golygu | golygu cod]- ↑ Originally a Mishnaic Hebrew term for Nakh, the term was commonly used to mean 'received tradition' or 'chain of tradition' by the Geonic period.
Cyfeiriadau
[golygu | golygu cod]Dyfyniadau
[golygu | golygu cod]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Ginzberg, Louis; Kohler, Kaufmann (1906). "Cabala". Jewish Encyclopedia. Kopelman Foundation. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 4 November 2011. Cyrchwyd 23 October 2018.
- ↑ "קַבָּלָה". /www.morfix.co.il. Melingo Ltd. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 26 March 2016. Cyrchwyd 19 November 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Dennis, Geoffrey W. (18 June 2014). "What is Kabbalah?". ReformJudaism.org. Union for Reform Judaism. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 25 April 2015. Cyrchwyd 25 October 2018.
Historians of Judaism identify many schools of Jewish esotericism across time, each with its own unique interests and beliefs. Technically, the term "Kabbalah" applies only to writings that emerged in medieval Spain and southern France beginning in the 13th century. [...] Although until today Kabbalah has been the practice of select Jewish "circles," most of what we know about it comes from the many literary works that have been recognized as "mystical" or "esoteric." From these mystical works, scholars have identified many distinctive mystical schools, including the Hechalot mystics, the German Pietists, the Zoharic Kabbalah, the ecstatic school of Abraham Abulafia, the teachings of Isaac Luria, and Chasidism. These schools can be categorized further based on individual masters and their disciples.
- ↑ "Imbued with Holiness" Archifwyd 2010-10-12 yn y Peiriant Wayback – The relationship of the esoteric to the exoteric in the fourfold Pardes interpretation of Torah and existence. From www.kabbalaonline.org
- ↑ Huss, Boaz; Pasi, Marco; Stuckrad, Kocku von, gol. (2010). "Introduction". Kabbalah and Modernity: Interpretations, Transformations, Adaptations. Leiden: Brill Publishers. tt. 1–12. ISBN 978-90-04-18284-4.
- ↑ Magid, Shaul (Summer 2014). "Gershom Scholem". In Edward N. Zalta (gol.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Center for the Study of Language and Information. Archifwyd o'r gwreiddiol ar 13 February 2023. Cyrchwyd 23 October 2018.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Scholem (1995).
- ↑ Scholem (1960); Scholem (1995).
Gwaith a ddyfynnwyd
[golygu | golygu cod]- Dan, Joseph (1999). The "Unique Cherub" Circle: A School of Mystics and Esoterics in Medieval Germany. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-146798-1.
- Dan, Joseph; Kiener, R. (1986). The Early Kabbalah. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press.
- Dan, Joseph (2007). Kabbalah: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530034-5.
- Drob, Sanford (1999). Symbols of the Kabbalah: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives. Jason Aronson. ISBN 978-1-4617-3415-4.
- Drob, Sanford (2000). Kabbalistic Metaphors: Jewish Mystical Themes in Ancient and Modern Thought. J. Aronson. ISBN 978-0-7657-6125-5.
- Drob, Sanford L. (2009). Kabbalah and Postmodernism: A Dialogue. Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0304-9.
- Giller, Pinchas (2011). Kabbalah: A Guide for the Perplexed. Continuum.Nodyn:ISBN?
- Ginsburgh, Yitzchak (2006). What You Need to Know about Kabbalah. Gal Einai. ISBN 965-7146-119.
- Green, Arthur (2004). A Guide to the Zohar. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4908-4.
- Greenspahn, Frederick E., gol. (2011). Jewish Mysticism and Kabbalah: New Insights and Scholarship. Jewish Studies in the Twenty-First Century. NYU Press.Nodyn:ISBN?
- Halperin, David J. (2012). "Sabbatai Zevi, Metatron, and Mehmed: Myth and History in Seventeenth-Century Judaism". In Breslauer, S. Daniel (gol.). The Seductiveness of Jewish Myth: Challenge Or Response?. State University of New York Press. tt. 271–308. ISBN 978-0-7914-9744-9.
- Idel, Moshe (1988). Kabbalah: New Perspectives. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04699-1.
- Idel, Moshe (1988b). The Mystical Experience in Abraham Abulafia. New York: SUNY Press.
- Idel, Moshe (1995). Hasidism: Between Ecstasy and Magic. New York: SUNY Press.Nodyn:ISBN?
- Jacobs, Louis (1995). The Jewish Religion: A Companion. Oxford University Press.Nodyn:ISBN?
- Kaplan, Aryeh (1990). Inner Space: Introduction to Kabbalah, Meditation and Prophecy. Moznaim Publishing.
- Kaplan, Aryeh (1995). Meditation and Kabbalah. Jason Aronson. ISBN 978-1-56821-381-1.
- Kaplan, Aryeh (2011). Jewish Meditation: A Practical Guide. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-76111-8.
- Laenen, J. H. (2001). Jewish Mysticism: An Introduction. Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-0-664-22457-8.
- Scholem, Gershom (1941). Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. Schocken.
- Scholem, Gershom (1995). Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 978-0-8052-1042-2.
- Scholem, Gershom (1960). Jewish Gnosticism, Merkabah Mysticism and Talmudic Tradition: Based on the Israel Goldstein Lectures. New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America.
- Scholem, Gershom (1962). The Origins of the Kabbalah. Schocken. ISBN 978-0-691-02047-1.
- Scholem, Gershom (1974). Kabbalah. Quadrangle/New York Times Book Company. ISBN 978-0-8129-0352-2.
- Scholem, Gershom (1977). Manheim, Ralph (gol.). On the Kabbalah and its Symbolism. New York: Schocken Books. ISBN 978-0-8052-0235-9.
- Wineberg, Yosef (1998). Lessons in Tanya: The Tanya of R. Shneur Zalman of Liadi. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch. 5 volume set.
- Wolfson, Elliot (1994). Through a Speculum That Shines: Vision and Imagination in Medieval Jewish Mysticism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Nodyn:ISBN?
- Wolfson, Elliot (2006). Venturing Beyond: Law and Morality in Kabbalistic Mysticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Nodyn:ISBN?
Darllen pellach
[golygu | golygu cod]- Dan, Joseph (1980). "Samael, Lilith, and the Concept of Evil in Early Kabbalah". AJS Review 5: 17–40. doi:10.1017/S0364009400000052.
- Dan, Joseph (2002). The Heart and the Fountain: An Anthology of Jewish Mystical Experiences. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Green, Arthur (2003). EHYEH: A Kabbalah for Tomorrow. Woodstock: Jewish Lights Publishing.
- Hecker, Joel (2005). Mystical Bodies, Mystical Meals: Eating and Embodiment in Medieval Kabbalah. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
- Idel, Moshe (1985). Blumenthal, D. (gol.). Kabbalistic Prayer and Color, Approaches to Judaism in Medieval Times. Chicago: Scholar's Press.
- Idel, Moshe (1990). The Golem: Jewish Magical and Mystical Traditions on the Artificial Anthropoid. New York: SUNY Press.
- Idel, Moshe (1993). "Magic and Kabbalah in the 'Book of the Responding Entity'". The Solomon Goldman Lectures VI. Chicago: Spertus College of Judaica Press.
- Idel, Moshe (2009). Old Worlds, New Mirrors: On Jewish Mysticism and Twentieth-Century Thought. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Kaplan, Aryeh (1988). Meditation and the Bible. S. Weiser. ISBN 978-0-87728-617-2.
- Samuel, Gabriella (2007). Kabbalah Handbook: A Concise Encyclopedia of Terms and Concepts in Jewish Mysticism. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-21846-4. OCLC 488308797.
- Vital, Chaim (1999). Etz Hayim: The Tree of Life. Cyfieithwyd gan Eliahu Klein. Jason Aronson.
- Wolfson, Elliot (2005). Language, Eros Being: Kabbalistic Hermeneutics and Poetic Imagination. New York: Fordham University Press.
- Wolfson, Elliot (2006). Alef, Mem, Tau: Kabbalistic Musings on Time, Truth, and Death. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Wolfson, Elliot (2007). Luminal Darkness: Imaginal Gleanings From Zoharic Literature. London: Onworld Publications.
Dolenni allanol
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