Helfa ddewiniaid

Arteithio gwrachod cyhuddedig, 1577

Chwiliad am bobl sydd wedi cael eu labelu'n wrachod neu chwiliad am dystiolaeth o ddewiniaeth yw helfa ddewiniaid, neu helfa wrachod yn fwy modern yn y Gymraeg. Yng nghyfnod cynnar y Dwyrain Canol, roedd ymarfer swynion drwg neu swynganu wedi'i wahardd ac yn gosbadwy. Yn Ewrop ganoloesol, roedd helfeydd dewiniaid yn aml yn codi mewn cysylltiad â chyhuddiadau o heresi gan Gristnogaeth. Digwyddodd cyfnod dwys o helfeydd dewiniaid a ddigwyddodd yn Ewrop Fodern Gynnar ac i raddau llai yn America Drefedigaethol, o tua 1450 i 1750, gan gwmpasu cynnwrf y Gwrth-Ddiwygiad a Rhyfel y Deng Mlynedd ar Hugain, gan arwain at oddeutu 35,000 i 60,000 o ddienyddiadau. Digwyddodd y dienyddiadau olaf o bobl a gafwyd yn euog fel gwrachod yn Ewrop yn y 18fed ganrif. Mewn rhanbarthau eraill, fel Affrica ac Asia, mae hela dewiniaid cyfoes wedi cael eu hadrodd o Affrica is-Sahara a Phapua Gini Newydd, ac mae deddfwriaeth swyddogol yn erbyn dewiniaeth i'w chael o hyd yn Sawdi Arabia, Camerŵn a De Affrica heddiw.

Darllen pellach

• Hutton, Ronald (2017). The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300229042. OCLC 984511945.
• Andreassen, Reidun Laura and Liv Helene Willumsen (eds.), Steilneset Memorial. Art Architecture History. Stamsund: Orkana, 2014. ISBN 978-82-8104-245-2ISBN 978-82-8104-245-2
• Behringer, Wolfgang. Witches and Witch Hunts: A Global History. Malden Massachusetts: Polity Press, 2004.
• Briggs, K.M. Pale Hecate's Team, an Examination of the Beliefs on Witchcraft and Magic among Shakespeare's Contemporaries and His Immediate Successors. New York: The Humanities Press, 1962.
• Briggs, Robin. 'Many reasons why': witchcraft and the problem of multiple explanation, in Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Studies in Culture and Belief, ed. Jonathan Barry, Marianne Hester, and Gareth Roberts, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
• Burns, William E. Witch hunts in Europe and America: an encyclopedia (2003)
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• Durrant, Jonathan B. Witchcraft, Gender, and Society in Early Modern Germany, Leiden: Brill, 2007.
• Federici, Silvia (2004). Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia. ISBN 1-57027-059-7.
• Golden, William, ed. Encyclopedia of Witchcraft: The Western Tradition (4 vol. 2006) 1270pp; 758 short essays by scholars.
• Goode, Erich; Ben-Yahuda, Nachman (1994). Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-18905-3.
• Gouges, Linnea de, Witch hunts and State Building in Early Modern Europe (2018)
• Klaits, Joseph. Servants of Satan: The Age of the Witch Hunts. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985
• Levack, Brian P. The Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–1662, The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 20, No, 1. (Autumn, 1980), pp. 90–108.
• Levack, Brian P. The witch hunt in early modern Europe, 3rd ed., London and New York: Longman, 2006.
• Macfarlane, Alan. Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A regional and Comparative Study. New York and Evanston: Harper & Row Publishers, 1970.
• Midlefort, Erick H.C. Witch Hunting in Southeastern Germany 1562–1684: The Social and Intellectual Foundation. California: Stanford University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-8047-0805-3ISBN 0-8047-0805-3
• Monter, William (1972). "The Historiography of European Witchcraft: Progress and Prospect". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2 (4): 435–451. doi:10.2307/202315. JSTOR 202315. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-interdisciplinary-history_spring-1972_2_4/page/n80.
• Oberman, H. A., J. D. Tracy, Thomas A. Brady (eds.), Handbook of European History, 1400–1600: Visions, Programs, Outcomes (1995) ISBN 90-04-09761-9
• Oldridge, Darren (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader (2002) ISBN 0-415-21492-0
• Poole, Robert. The Lancashire Witches: Histories and Stories (2002) ISBN 0-7190-6204-7
• Purkiss, Diane. "A Holocaust of One's Own: The Myth of the Burning Times." Chapter in The Witch and History: Early Modern and Twentieth Century Representatives New York: Routledge, 1996, pp. 7–29.
• Robisheaux, Thomas. The Last Witch of Langenburg: Murder in a German Village. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. (2009) ISBN 978-0-393-06551-0
• Sagan, Carl. The Demon-Haunted World, Random House, 1996. ISBN 0-394-53512-XISBN 0-394-53512-X
• David W. Thompson, "Sister Witch: The Life of Moll Dyer" (2017 Solstice Publishing) ISBN 978-1973105756
• Thurston, Robert. The Witch Hunts: A History of the Witch Persecutions in Europe and North America. Pearson/Longman, 2007.
• Purkiss, Diane. The Bottom of the Garden, Dark History of Fairies, Hobgoblins, and Other Troublesome Things. Chapter 3 Brith and Death: Fairies in Scottish Witch-trials New York: New York University Press, 2000, pp. 85–115.
• West, Robert H. Reginald Scot and Renaissance Writings. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1984.
• Willumsen, Liv Helene. The Witchcraft Trials in Finnmark, Northern Norway. Bergen: Skald, 2010. ISBN 978-82-7959-152-8ISBN 978-82-7959-152-8
• Willumsen, Liv Helene. Witches of the North:Scotland and Finnmark. Leiden: Brill, 2013. ISBN 9789004252912ISBN 9789004252912. E-ISBN 9789004252929
• Winkler, Albert (2023) "Judicial Murder: The Witch-Craze in Germany and Switzerland," Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. 59: No. 1, Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss1/2

Dolenni allanol

• Cofnod Gwyddoniadur Catholig 1913 ar "Witchcraft"
• Douglas Linder (2005), Hanes Byr o Erledigaethau Dewiniaeth cyn Salem