Gwasgariad y De
Yng nghyd-destun tarddiad bodau dynol yn Affricana, mae'r senario Gwasgariad Deheuol (neu Wasgariad y De; neu weithiau: yr ymfudo arfordirol mawr) yn cyfeirio at y mudo cynnar ar hyd arfordir deheuol Asia, o benrhyn Arabia trwy Persia (Iran heddiw) ac India i Dde-ddwyrain Asia ac Oceania.[1] Gwladychodd disgynyddion diweddarach y mudwyr hyn, yn y pen draw, weddill Ewrasia, gweddill Oceania, a'r Americas. .
Defnyddir damcaniaeth llwybr yr arfordir yn bennaf i ddisgrifio poblogaeth gychwynnol Gorllewin Asia, India, De-ddwyrain Asia, Gini Newydd, Awstralia, Oceania Agos, a Dwyrain Asia gan ddechrau rhwng tua 70,000 a 50,000 o flynyddoedd yn ôl (CP).[2][3][4][5][6]
Mae'n gysylltiedig â phresenoldeb a gwasgariad grwp-haplo MtDNA M a haplogroup N, yn ogystal â phatrymau dosbarthiad penodol grwp-haplo Y-DNA F (cyndadau O, N, R, Q),[7] grwp-haplo C a grwp-haplo D, yn y rhanbarthau hyn.[8][9]
Mae’r ddamcaniaeth yn cynnig bod bodau dynol cynnar y cyfnod modern, rhai o gludwyr grwp-haplo mitocondriaidd L3, wedi cyrraedd penrhyn Arabia tua 70,000-50,000 o flynyddoedd yn ôl, gan groesi o Ddwyrain Affrica ar hyd culfor Bab-al-Mandab. Amcangyfrifwyd poblogaeth o 2,000 i 5,000 o unigolion yn Affrica, ac mai dim ond grŵp bach, o bosibl cyn lleied â 150 i 1,000 o bobl, a groesodd y Môr Coch.[10] Byddai’r grŵp wedi teithio ar hyd y llwybr arfordirol o amgylch Arabia a Phersia i India yn gymharol gyflym, o fewn ychydig filoedd o flynyddoedd. O India, byddent wedi lledu i Dde-ddwyrain Asia ("Sundaland") ac Oceania ("Sahul").[3][4][6]
Gweler hefyd[golygu | golygu cod]
Cyfeiriadau[golygu | golygu cod]
- ↑ Phillip Endicott; Mait Metspalu; Toomas Kivisild (2007), The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics, Springer Netherlands, doi:10.1007/1-4020-5562-5_10, ISBN 978-1-4020-5561-4, "... The concept of a coastal migration was already envisioned in 1962 by the ..."
- ↑ Kevin O. Pope; John E. Terrell (9 October 2007), "Environmental setting of human migrations in the circum-Pacific region", Journal of Biogeography 35 (1): 071009214220006––, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01797.x, "... The expansion of modern humans out of Africa, following a coastal route into southern Asia, was initially thwarted by a series of large and abrupt environmental changes. A period of relatively stable climate and sea level from c. 45,000 yr bp to 40,000 yr bp supported a rapid coastal expansion of modern humans throughout much of Southeast Asia, enabling them to reach the coasts of northeast Russia and Japan by 38,000–37,000 yr bp ..."
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Spencer Wells (2002), The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691115320, https://books.google.com/books?id=WAsKm-_zu5sC, "... the population of south-east Asia prior to 6000 years ago was composed largely of groups of hunter-gatherers very similar to modern Negritos ... So, both the Y-chromosome and the mtDNA paint a clear picture of a coastal leap from Africa to south-east Asia, and onward to Australia ... DNA has given us a glimpse of the voyage, which almost certainly followed a coastal route via India ..." Gwall cyfeirio: Tag
<ref>annilys; mae'r enw "wells2002" wedi'i ddiffinio droeon gyda chynnwys gwahanol - ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe". Current Biology 26 (6): 827–833. 2016. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037. PMID 26853362. Gwall cyfeirio: Tag
<ref>annilys; mae'r enw "Posth" wedi'i ddiffinio droeon gyda chynnwys gwahanol - ↑ "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research 25 (4): 459–466. April 2015. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMC 4381518. PMID 25770088. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4381518.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics 212 (4): 1421–1428. June 2019. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMC 6707464. PMID 31196864. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6707464. Gwall cyfeirio: Tag
<ref>annilys; mae'r enw "ReferenceC" wedi'i ddiffinio droeon gyda chynnwys gwahanol - ↑ Culotta, Elizabeth; GibbonsSep. 21, Ann; 2016; Pm, 1:00 (2016-09-21). "Almost all living people outside of Africa trace back to a single migration more than 50,000 years ago". Science | AAAS (yn Saesneg). Cyrchwyd 2020-06-11.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
- ↑ Vincent Macaulay (13 May 2005), "Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes; Vol. 308. no. 5724", Science Magazine 308 (5724): 1034–36, doi:10.1126/science.1109792, PMID 15890885, http://sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/308/5724/1034, "... mitochondrial DNA variation in isolated "relict" populations in southeast Asia supports the view that there was only a single dispersal from Africa, most likely via a southern coastal route, through India and onward into southeast Asia and Australasia. There was an early offshoot, leading ultimately to the settlement of the Near East and Europe, but the main dispersal from India to Australia 65,000 years ago was rapid, most likely taking only a few thousand years. ..."
- ↑ "The Genographic Project: Genetic Markers, Haplogroup D (M174)", National Geographic, 2008, https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html, "... Haplogroup D may have accompanied another group, the Coastal Clan (haplogroup C) on the first major wave of migration out of Africa around 50,000 years ago. Taking advantage of the plentiful seaside resources, these intrepid explorers followed the coastline of Africa through the southern Arabian Peninsula, India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. Alternatively, they may have made the trek at a later time, following in the footsteps of the Coastal Clan ..."
- ↑ Zhivotovsky; Rosenberg, NA; Feldman, MW (2003). "Features of Evolution and Expansion of Modern Humans, Inferred from Genomewide Microsatellite Markers". American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (5): 1171–86. doi:10.1086/375120. PMC 1180270. PMID 12690579. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1180270.Stix, Gary (2008). "The Migration History of Humans: DNA Study Traces Human Origins Across the Continents". Cyrchwyd 14 June 2011.