Israel: Gwahaniaeth rhwng fersiynau
→Beirniadaeth: dolen |
Dim crynodeb golygu |
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| Llinell 73: | Llinell 73: | ||
Dywedodd Desmond Tutu, ''“This, in my book, is apartheid. It is untenable.”''<ref>[http://www.countercurrents.org/polya081213.htm ''Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu in support of BDS against Apartheid Israel (2012)''; adalwyd 18 Gorffennaf 2014</ref>, traethodd [[Nelson Mandela]]'n helaeth am y tebygrwydd rhwng Israel a'r hen De Affrica, ''“Our freedom is incomplete without the freedom of the Palestinians”''.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/nelson-mandela-quotes-a-collection-of-memorable-words-from-former-south-african-president/ cnsnews.com; CBS News, 5 Rhagfyr 2013; accessed 18 Gorffennaf 2014</ref> a nododd [[Winnie Mandela]] ''“Apartheid Israel can be defeated, just as apartheid in South Africa was defeated”''<ref>[http://www.rabble.ca/news/2010/03/israel-and-apartheid-fair-comparison Winnie Mandela quoted in Edward. C. Corrigan, “Israel and apartheid: a fair comparison?”, rabble.ca, 2 Mawrth 2010] adalwyd 19 Gorffennaf 2014</ref>. Yn ei lyfr ''[[Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid]]'' (cyhoeddwyd 2006) dywedodd cyn-Arlywydd Unol Daleithiau America [[Jimmy Carter]], fod yn Israel ''“a system of apartheid, with two peoples occupying the same land but completely separated from each other, with Israelis totally dominant and suppressing violence by depriving Palestinians of their basic human rights.”''<ref>http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/carterbi.phtml</ref><ref>According to http://www.nytimes.com/pages/books/bestseller/index.html "Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction", ''New York Times'', accessed 27 January 2007: ''Palestine Peace Not Apartheid'' was number 6 on the list as of date accessed. It was listed as number 11 in [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/books/bestseller/0318besthardnonfiction.html?pagewanted=print "New York Times Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction"] on 18 March 2007, on the list for 15 weeks for the week ending 3 March 2007. As of 6 May 2007 it no longer appears on the expanded list featured at that site</ref> Ar y llaw arall ceir rhai'n mynegi nad oes apartheid yma; dywedodd Benjamin Pogrund, cynrychiolydd Israel yn y [[Cenhedloedd Unedig]] ''“ Occupation is brutalising and corrupting both Palestinians and Israelis ... [b]ut it is not apartheid. Palestinians are not oppressed on racial grounds as Arabs, but, rather, as competitors — until now, at the losing end — in a national/religious conflict for land.”''<ref name=Pogrund>[[Benjamin Pogrund|Pogrund, Benjamin]]. [http://www.mideastweb.org/israel_apartheid.htm ''"Apartheid? Israel is a democracy in which Arabs vote"''], MidEastWeb. First published in ''Focus 40'' (Rhagfyr 2005). Adalwyd 29 Rhagfyr 2006.</ref> |
Dywedodd Desmond Tutu, ''“This, in my book, is apartheid. It is untenable.”''<ref>[http://www.countercurrents.org/polya081213.htm ''Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu in support of BDS against Apartheid Israel (2012)''; adalwyd 18 Gorffennaf 2014</ref>, traethodd [[Nelson Mandela]]'n helaeth am y tebygrwydd rhwng Israel a'r hen De Affrica, ''“Our freedom is incomplete without the freedom of the Palestinians”''.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/news/nelson-mandela-quotes-a-collection-of-memorable-words-from-former-south-african-president/ cnsnews.com; CBS News, 5 Rhagfyr 2013; accessed 18 Gorffennaf 2014</ref> a nododd [[Winnie Mandela]] ''“Apartheid Israel can be defeated, just as apartheid in South Africa was defeated”''<ref>[http://www.rabble.ca/news/2010/03/israel-and-apartheid-fair-comparison Winnie Mandela quoted in Edward. C. Corrigan, “Israel and apartheid: a fair comparison?”, rabble.ca, 2 Mawrth 2010] adalwyd 19 Gorffennaf 2014</ref>. Yn ei lyfr ''[[Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid]]'' (cyhoeddwyd 2006) dywedodd cyn-Arlywydd Unol Daleithiau America [[Jimmy Carter]], fod yn Israel ''“a system of apartheid, with two peoples occupying the same land but completely separated from each other, with Israelis totally dominant and suppressing violence by depriving Palestinians of their basic human rights.”''<ref>http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/carterbi.phtml</ref><ref>According to http://www.nytimes.com/pages/books/bestseller/index.html "Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction", ''New York Times'', accessed 27 January 2007: ''Palestine Peace Not Apartheid'' was number 6 on the list as of date accessed. It was listed as number 11 in [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/18/books/bestseller/0318besthardnonfiction.html?pagewanted=print "New York Times Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction"] on 18 March 2007, on the list for 15 weeks for the week ending 3 March 2007. As of 6 May 2007 it no longer appears on the expanded list featured at that site</ref> Ar y llaw arall ceir rhai'n mynegi nad oes apartheid yma; dywedodd Benjamin Pogrund, cynrychiolydd Israel yn y [[Cenhedloedd Unedig]] ''“ Occupation is brutalising and corrupting both Palestinians and Israelis ... [b]ut it is not apartheid. Palestinians are not oppressed on racial grounds as Arabs, but, rather, as competitors — until now, at the losing end — in a national/religious conflict for land.”''<ref name=Pogrund>[[Benjamin Pogrund|Pogrund, Benjamin]]. [http://www.mideastweb.org/israel_apartheid.htm ''"Apartheid? Israel is a democracy in which Arabs vote"''], MidEastWeb. First published in ''Focus 40'' (Rhagfyr 2005). Adalwyd 29 Rhagfyr 2006.</ref> |
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==Coginio a bwyd== |
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[[File:Classic Hanukkah sufganiyot.JPG|thumb|chwith|''[[Sufganiyah|Sufganiyot]]'' ar [[Hanukkah]]]] |
[[File:Classic Hanukkah sufganiyot.JPG|thumb|chwith|''[[Sufganiyah|Sufganiyot]]'' ar [[Hanukkah]]]] |
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Mae bwyd Israelaidd yn gymysgedd o fwyd lleol a bwyd a ddaeth o bedwar ban y byd, wrth i'r Israeliaid grynhoi yma yn yr 1950au. Datblygwyd math o fwyd a elwir yn ''Israeli fusion cuisine''. ''Kosher'' yw'r bwyd mwyaf poblogaidd a chaiff ei goginio yn ôl yr [[Halakha]] Iddewig. Gan fod y boblogaeth naill ai'n Iddewon neu'n Fwslemiaid, pur anaml y gwelir cig mochyn ar y fwydlen. |
Mae bwyd Israelaidd yn gymysgedd o fwyd lleol a bwyd a ddaeth o bedwar ban y byd, wrth i'r Israeliaid grynhoi yma yn yr 1950au. Datblygwyd math o fwyd a elwir yn ''Israeli fusion cuisine''. ''Kosher'' yw'r bwyd mwyaf poblogaidd a chaiff ei goginio yn ôl yr [[Halakha]] Iddewig. Gan fod y boblogaeth naill ai'n Iddewon neu'n Fwslemiaid, pur anaml y gwelir cig mochyn ar y fwydlen. |
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Fersiwn yn ôl 10:42, 20 Gorffennaf 2014
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| Arwyddair: dim | |||||
| Anthem: Hatikvah ("Y Gobaith") | |||||
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| Prifddinas | Caersalem | ||||
| Dinas fwyaf | Caersalem | ||||
| Iaith / Ieithoedd swyddogol | Hebraeg, Arabeg | ||||
| Llywodraeth | Democratiaeth seneddol | ||||
| - Arlywydd | Shimon Peres | ||||
| - Prif Weinidog | Benjamin Netanyahu | ||||
| Annibyniaeth - Datganiad Sefydliad Gwladwriaeth Israel |
o'r Deyrnas Unedig 14 Mai 1948 (05 Iyar 5708) | ||||
| Arwynebedd - Cyfanswm - Dŵr (%) |
22 145 km² (151fed) ~2 | ||||
| Poblogaeth - Amcangyfrif 2013 - Cyfrifiad 1995 - Dwysedd |
8 051 2001 (99ain) 5 548 523 324/km² (34ain) | ||||
| CMC (PGP) - Cyfanswm - Y pen |
Amcangyfrif 2005 $163.45 biliwn (53ain) $23 416 (28ain) | ||||
| Indecs Datblygiad Dynol (2006) | 0.927 (23ain) – uchel | ||||
| Arian cyfred | Sheqel Israelaidd newydd (₪) (ILS)
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| Cylchfa amser - Haf |
IST (UTC+2) (UTC+3) | ||||
| Côd ISO y wlad | .il | ||||
| Côd ffôn | +972
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Gwlad yn y Dwyrain Canol ar arfordir y Môr Canoldir yw Gwladwriaeth Israel neu Israel (Hebraeg: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medinat Yisra'el; Arabeg: دَوْلَةْ إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrā'īl). Cafodd ei sefydlu ym 1948 yn wladwriaeth Iddewig. Mae mwyafrif y bobl sydd yn byw yno yn Iddewon, ond mae Arabiaid yn byw yno, hefyd. Lleolir Libanus i'r gogledd o'r wlad, Syria i'r gogledd-ddwyrain, Gwlad Iorddonen i'r dwyrain, a'r Aifft i'r de. Mae'r Lan Orllewinol a Llain Gaza (ar arfordir y Môr Canoldir) o dan reolaeth Israel sydd hefyd wedi meddiannu Ucheldiroedd Golan. Mae Israel ar arfordir Gwlff Aqabah, y Môr Marw, a Môr Galilea. Fe'i diffinir yn ôl ei chyfansoddiad yn wladwriaeth Iddewig, ddemocrataidd; hi yw'r unig wladwriaeth â mwyafrif Iddewig yn y byd. [1]
Bu mwy a mwy o Iddewon yn ymfudo i'r wlad (a alwyd yn Israel o'r 1920au ymlaen) a oedd ar y pryd o dan lywodraeth Gwledydd Prydain. Fe ddaeth yn wlad noddfa arbennig o bwysig i Iddewon yn sgíl twf Ffasgiaeth a Natsïaeth yn Ewrop yn y 1930au a'r 1940au.
Cysylltiadau tramor
Mae'r rhan fwyaf o gymdogion Israel, gan gynnwys y Palesteiniaid, pobl Libanus a'r Aifft yn ddig wrth Israel am yr hyn a wnaeth yn 1948 ac am beidio â rhoi tir a hawliau llawn i'r Palesteiniaid. Ers ei chreu mae Israel wedi brwydro dros ei chornel ac mae sawl rhyfel wedi bod rhyngddi hi a gwledydd cyfagos yn yr hyn a elwir Wrthdaro Arabaidd-Israelaidd. Un o'r ymosodiadau diweddaraf gan Israel yw'r Ymosodiad a wnaeth ar Lain Gaza Rhagfyr 2008 hyd 2009 sef ('Ymgyrch Plwm Bwrw' fel y'i gelwir) a lansiodd ar y 27ain o Ragfyr 2008.
Caiff Israel lawer iawn o arian gan Unol Daleithiau America a ddefnyddir ganddi i brynu arfau, gan gynnwys arfau niwclear; oddeutu $3 biliwn y flwyddyn.[2]
Beirniadaeth
Ymhlith y feirniadaeth gryfaf o Israel mae'r honiad ei bod yn hybu apartheid yn y ffordd mae'n trin y Palesteiniaid; mynegwyd hyn gan nifer o bobl fydenwog, gan gynnwys yr enillydd Gwobr Nobel Desmond Tutu a Nelson Mandela.
| "If one has to refer to any of the parties as a terrorist state, one might refer to the Israeli government, because they are the people who are slaughtering defenseless and innocent Arabs in the occupied territories, and we don't regard that as acceptable." |
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— Nelson Mandela: |
Dywedodd Desmond Tutu, “This, in my book, is apartheid. It is untenable.”[7], traethodd Nelson Mandela'n helaeth am y tebygrwydd rhwng Israel a'r hen De Affrica, “Our freedom is incomplete without the freedom of the Palestinians”.[8] a nododd Winnie Mandela “Apartheid Israel can be defeated, just as apartheid in South Africa was defeated”[9]. Yn ei lyfr Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (cyhoeddwyd 2006) dywedodd cyn-Arlywydd Unol Daleithiau America Jimmy Carter, fod yn Israel “a system of apartheid, with two peoples occupying the same land but completely separated from each other, with Israelis totally dominant and suppressing violence by depriving Palestinians of their basic human rights.”[10][11] Ar y llaw arall ceir rhai'n mynegi nad oes apartheid yma; dywedodd Benjamin Pogrund, cynrychiolydd Israel yn y Cenhedloedd Unedig “ Occupation is brutalising and corrupting both Palestinians and Israelis ... [b]ut it is not apartheid. Palestinians are not oppressed on racial grounds as Arabs, but, rather, as competitors — until now, at the losing end — in a national/religious conflict for land.”[12]
Coginio a bwyd
Mae bwyd Israelaidd yn gymysgedd o fwyd lleol a bwyd a ddaeth o bedwar ban y byd, wrth i'r Israeliaid grynhoi yma yn yr 1950au. Datblygwyd math o fwyd a elwir yn Israeli fusion cuisine. Kosher yw'r bwyd mwyaf poblogaidd a chaiff ei goginio yn ôl yr Halakha Iddewig. Gan fod y boblogaeth naill ai'n Iddewon neu'n Fwslemiaid, pur anaml y gwelir cig mochyn ar y fwydlen.
Cyfeiriadau
- ↑ http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2008/israel#.U8HiyrEWBws .Freedom in the World. Freedom House. 2008. Adalwyd 20 Mawrth 2012.
- ↑ The Christian Science Monitor
- ↑ www.anc.org website; African National Congress; Address by President Nelson Mandela at the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People; 4 Rhagfyr 1997, Pretoria; accessed 18 Gorffennaf 2014
- ↑ Published December 06, 2013; www.israelnationalnews.com
- ↑ "The International Day Of Solidarity With The Palestinian People", Pretoria (4 Rhagfyr 1997)
- ↑ See full info on Wikiquotes here
- ↑ [http://www.countercurrents.org/polya081213.htm Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu in support of BDS against Apartheid Israel (2012); adalwyd 18 Gorffennaf 2014
- ↑ [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/nelson-mandela-quotes-a-collection-of-memorable-words-from-former-south-african-president/ cnsnews.com; CBS News, 5 Rhagfyr 2013; accessed 18 Gorffennaf 2014
- ↑ Winnie Mandela quoted in Edward. C. Corrigan, “Israel and apartheid: a fair comparison?”, rabble.ca, 2 Mawrth 2010 adalwyd 19 Gorffennaf 2014
- ↑ http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/carterbi.phtml
- ↑ According to http://www.nytimes.com/pages/books/bestseller/index.html "Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction", New York Times, accessed 27 January 2007: Palestine Peace Not Apartheid was number 6 on the list as of date accessed. It was listed as number 11 in "New York Times Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction" on 18 March 2007, on the list for 15 weeks for the week ending 3 March 2007. As of 6 May 2007 it no longer appears on the expanded list featured at that site
- ↑ Pogrund, Benjamin. "Apartheid? Israel is a democracy in which Arabs vote", MidEastWeb. First published in Focus 40 (Rhagfyr 2005). Adalwyd 29 Rhagfyr 2006.
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